Adding a CMS to Your Pyramid Web App Transcripts
Chapter: Appendix: Using SQLAchemy
Lecture: Concept: Querying data

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0:00 We've written a few interesting queries and before we're done with this application we'll write a couple more.
0:07 But let's talk about some of the core concepts around querying data. So here's a simple function that says find an account by login.
0:15 We haven't written this one yet but you know, we're going to when we get to the user side of things. It starts like all interaction with SQLAlchemy.
0:23 We create a unit of work by creating a session. Here in the slides we have a slightly different factory method that we've written, but same idea
0:30 we get a session back, we're call calling it s. We go to our session or we say s.query of the type we're trying to query from, account
0:37 and then we can have one or more filter statements. Here we're doing two filter statements. Find where the account has this e-mail
0:45 and the hashed password is the one that we've created for them by rehashing it. And now we're calling one, which gives us one
0:53 and exactly one or none items back and we're going to return that account. So, if you actually look at what goes over to the database
1:00 it's something like this. Select * from account where account.email is some parameter and account.passwordhashed is some other parameter
1:08 and the parameters are Mysie Kennedy and ABC. You'll see that you can layer on these filter statements
1:14 even conditionally, like you can create the query and then say if some other value is there then also append or apply another filter operation
1:22 so you can kind of build these up. They don't actually execute until you do like a one operation or you loop over them or you do a first
1:29 or anything like that. So here's returning a single record. Also, it's worth noting that the select * here
1:36 is a simplification, everything is explicitly called out in SQLAlchemy. The concept is just give me all the records or give me all the columns.
1:45 If we want to get a set of items back, like show me all of the packages that a particular person with their email has authored.
1:54 We would go and again get our session. We would go and create a query based on package. We'd say filter, package.authoremail equals this email
2:03 ==, remember double equal and then we can just say All and that'll give us all of the packages that match that query.
2:11 This one's not going against a primary key so there'll be potentially more than one. Of course this maps down to select * from packages
2:17 where package.authoremail equals when you know the email that you passed. Super simple and exactly like you would expect.
2:24 So the double equal filter, pretty straightforward. There's actually some that are not so straightforward
2:29 so equals obviously ==, user.name == Ed, simple. If you want not equals, just use the not equals operator. That's pretty simple.
2:40 You could also use like, so one of the things it takes some getting used to is these SQLAlchemy descriptor column field value type multi-purpose things
2:51 here is they actually have operations that you can do on them when you're treating the static type interacting with a static definition rather than
3:00 a record from the database. So here we say the usertype.name.like_ or in_ or things like that.
3:07 So, we saw the descending sort operation on there as well. So, if we want to do the Like query, this is like
3:14 find the substring ed in the name, then you can do .like_ and then pass the % operators as you would in a normal SQL query.
3:23 IF you want to say I want to find the user whose name is contained in the set, Ed, Wendy or Jack then you can do this .in_, remember the underscore
3:31 is because in is a key word in Python, so in_. If you want to do not, not in, this is kind of not obvious
3:39 but you do the ~ operator at the beginning to negate it. If you want to check for null, == None, the and you just apply
3:46 multiple queries, the or doesn't work that way. If you want to do an or, you've got to apply a special or operator to a tuple of things.
3:55 So, here are most of the SQL operators in terms of SQLAlchemy. You can do a lot of stuff with this. It's not all of them, but many of them.


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